Contents　

Chapter 6

A new state of matter: foggoid state

　

6.1  Foggoid

As we know, when a body is near a black hole, the strong tidal force will break up the body.

Similarly, it can be seen from Chapter 4 that when being controlled by antigravitation, the gravitational field matter (gfm) of each part of a body is dragged by the antigravitational field and forms the gfm ball of this part of the body. When a body is controlled by strong enough antigravitation, owing to the macroscopic quantum effect and owing to the breakdown of the weak equivalence principle in the quantum domain, each part of the body will go its own way in an uncertain way according to the wave function of its own gfm ball particle, and therefore, overcoming the attractive forces between each other, the various parts of the body will separate up, even into a cloud of fog-like matter, and become the foggoid. This state of matter can be called the foggoid state. 

Foggoid has different degrees of breaking up, or in other words, different degrees of gathering, and hence has different phases. Different phases of foggoid can coexist.

Being less restricted in foggoid, electrons move more freely, so that foggoid has the electromagnetic phenomena.  

When the antigravitation weakens, some or all parts of a cloud of foggoid may gather or half gather into one or a number of new entities because of the attractive forces among them.

　

Note:

The weak equivalence principle states that all sufficiently small test bodies fall with an equal acceleration independently of their mass in a gravitational field.

　

6.2  Spacetime, structures, and functions

It can be seen from Chapter 4 that when being controlled by antigravitation, a particle of the foggoid moves according to the wave function of its own gfm ball particle, and therefore it has the spacetime of its gfm (gravitational field matter) ball particle. It can be known from quantum mechanics that such spacetime has large degrees of uncertainty and that this particle has nonlocal-spacetime quantum correlations with other bodies.

Hence in the foggoid, the uncertainty in the motion of a photon that moves freely in vacuum increases, which makes the light ray between two points deviate from a straight line; that is, the geodesic between the two points deviates from a straight line of the flat spacetime. According to the general theory of relativity, this means time passes slower in the foggoid.

If some parts of a cloud of fog-like foggoid half gather, then the cloud of foggoid has internal structures and their functions in the above spacetime.

　

6.3  The time of the large-scale structures of the universe

       passes slower

Since the expansion of the universe is accelerating, antigravitation plays a dominant part on the scale of the universe. Hence, seen on the scale of the universe, matter is in the foggoid state. The time dilation of the foggoid causes the time of the large-scale structures of the universe to pass slower than the time of the small-scale structures of the universe.

　　

6.4  Quasars and dark matter

At the early time of the universe expanding, the antigravitation was extremely strong. Therefore, from Paragraph 2 of Section 6.1 in this chapter, it can be known that before ordinary states of matter were formed, there would have been the foggoid state first. The foggoid in the excitation state had strong ability to emit light; it also had a large degree of time dilation, and hence the enormous redshift. Such foggoids were probably quasars.

From Paragraph 1 of Section 6.2 in this chapter, it can be known that the coordinates of a foggoid particle in the four-dimensional spacetime have large degrees of uncertainty and its coordinate on the one-dimensional time axis is not necessarily the zero-dimensional point of "present time", but can be any point on a line segment. If its coordinate on the one-dimensional time axis is far away from the point of "present", then the particle has no way to act on an object which has a small degree of uncertainty in the time, except that the particle shows gravitation because of its making the four-dimensional spacetime curved. Hence, the foggoid which is in the ground state and is not luminous might be a part of the dark matter in the universe. 

　

6.5  Nonlocal quantum correlations

According to the postulates in Section 2.2 of Chapter 2, Gfm waves are the material base of the de Broglie waves. Hence the motion of the gfm tells a particle how to move. According to the general theory of relativity, the geometric structure of spacetime tells a particle how to move. Hence the motion of the gfm participates in deciding the geometric structure of spacetime.

The geometric structure of spacetime can be propagated not only by ordinary matter, but also by the foggoid, including the ground state foggoid whose coordinate on the one-dimensional time axis is a negative value. Hence there exist the nonlocal quantum correlations among particles. 

　

6.6  Vacuum and the non-present-time foggoid

The experiments that demonstrate the nonlocal quantum correlations show that everywhere in vacuum there exists the foggoid whose coordinate on the one-dimensional time axis is far away from the point of "present time", or in other words, part of vacuum is the non-present-time foggoid. Hence, though rich in contents, vacuum shows only very small energy density at the point of "present time".   

　

6.7  The symmetry breaking in vacuum

It can be known from Section 6.6 of this chapter that everywhere in vacuum there are non-present-time foggoids, whose gfm ball particles have a dominant rotation direction because of the effect of inertial frame dragging (see Section 2.2 of Chapter 2, ) of the rotating gfm ball of the foggoid of the large-scale structure of the universe. Hence there exists the symmetry breaking in vacuum.

　　

6.8  Step roads and quantum phenomena on different scales

According to the quantum theory, the geodesic curve is a broken line in the shape of a step road. The curvature of the step road corresponds to the curvature of spacetime.

In the universe, most matter is the dark matter, of which large quantities are foggoids. As is stated in Section 2.2 of Chapter 2, gfm is the carrier of the spacetime point. Hence the rotating gfm ball of the foggoid carries the spacetime point and forms the "step" of a "step road".

The larger the scale of the gfm ball of the foggoid is, the larger the scale of a "step" formed by the gfm ball is.

At the edge of a step, there is a sudden change in spacetime geometry; there the spacetime curvature is larger, the gravitation is stronger, and hence the probability of finding particles is larger. Therefore the edge of a step corresponds to the wave crest of a wave function in quantum mechanics.

In the universe, steps on different scales correspond to quantum phenomena and quantum theories on different scales, for example, periodicity in the distribution of galaxies and quasars, and the quantum theory for planets and satellites^[1].

Let h' be the quantum of action of the step on a certain scale, and ħ' is h' over 2 pi. The value of h' is measured from observation.

Therefore there are uncertainty relations on different scales:

Δx Δp ≥ ħ' / 2,   (1)

Δt ΔE ≥ ħ' / 2.   (2)

Irregularities in the orbit of Uranus should be attributed to Eq. (1).

　

Reference

[1] Yang Buen, A Guide to the Quantum Theory for Planets and Satellites, (Chinese 
 edition), 1st ed., Dalian University of Technology Press, Dalian, China, June, 1996.

　

6.9  Instruments that can receive information from the 

       non-present-time  foggoid

If an instrument is in the foggoid state whose degree of gathering is quite large, then it still can work, but it has a larger degree of uncertainty in the time than when in the ordinary state. Such an instrument can receive from the non-present-time foggoid part of the information, which can not be received by ordinary instruments.

　

6.10  Antigravitation engine effect

As is stated in Section 2.2 of Chapter 2, a body and its gfm interact with each other and are relatively independent of each other.

From the rotation device, the disturbance device and the set of equations of the antigravitation engine, it can be known that a gfm eddy, a disturbance nearby and a small enough | Σa' | can jointly cause the antigravitation engine effect, which, when strong enough, can move a body and can make a body break up into countless tiny pieces, thus becoming the foggoid.

　

6.11  Connections with some phenomena

When a ball of foggoid with internal structures falls into a crop field, a crop circle in a complex pattern may be formed. 

Sometimes UFOs can be seen to break up or get together and to be now visible, now invisible. In the Bermuda Triangle there have been reports of the disappearing planes or ships. In the book "Time Storms" by Jenny Randles, there are abundant case files on strange fogs and their effects. These phenomena may be related to the foggoid and its phase transition.

As is stated in Section 2.2 of Chapter 2, matter has the antigravitational field. Therefore the stars have the antigravitational fields; the human body has the antigravitational field.

　

6.12  Acupuncture and foggoid

Many facts demonstrate that acupuncture needle rotation is related to the antigravitation engine effect and that what acupuncture readjusts is the foggoid of the substances of the human body. Such foggoid communicates with the foggoid of the substances of the natural world.

　

6.13  Our present time is probably not in the 

         centre of the many "present times" in the 

         universe  

According to the equations in Section 6.8, there exists the following equation:

t_d ≥ ±  ħ' / ( 4 Δ E )   ,

where t_d is the difference between the present time of an object and our present time.

The distribution of the values of t_d probably forms a normal distribution curve. There is much probability that the present time of an object is in the middle of the curve, but there also exists the probability that the "present time" of the object deviates a little from the middle of the curve. 

Since such deviations accumulate on the many "step roads" in the universe, there should be more non-present-time matter in the faraway space than in the nearby space. Hence the "present time" is relative. Our "present time"  is probably not in the centre of the many "present times" in the universe, just as our location is probably not in the centre of space in the universe. Hence to a faraway observer, we might be the dark matter.

When the Δt of one object overlaps the Δt of another object, the two objects can interact with each other; or in other words, an object has a certain degree of ability to know the future and the past.

When an object is in an antigravitational field and its state changes into the foggoid state, its Δt is changed, and hence there  is more probability that the "present time" of the object deviates from our present time. When the object changes back into a normal object, its "present time" may either change back or not change back.

As is stated in Section 2.2 of Chapter 2,  matter has the antigravitational field; therefore there is some probability of matter being in its non-present-time foggoid state.

If the present time of an object becomes far away from the present time of the wall of a container, the object can go through the wall of the container without interacting with the wall of the container.

　

6.14  The current of the non-present time gfm and the

         change of spacetime

As is stated in Section 2.2 of Chapter 2, gravitational field matter (gfm) is the carrier of the spacetime point.

Hence the current of the non-present time gfm brings with it the change in or of spacetime.

　

6.15  Time dilation in the experiment

The imaginary particles of the rotation part in the antigravitational field will become foggoid  and hence will result in the time dilation stated in Section 6.2 of this Chapter.

It can be seen in the last graph in Chapter 4 that, compared to the wave crests, the emergence time of the data (dots) where the boat moves slower (e.g. the data (dots) {0.005,23} and  {0.009,34}) gradually lags behind, showing the phenomenon of time dilation. 　

　

6.16  Time dilation and temperature

The uncertainty in motion of the particles of the foggoid causes time dilation, as is stated in Section 6.2 of this Chapter, and also increases the entropy and hence increases the temperature of the foggoid.

　

6.17 The time dilation, entropy and temperature of the

 foggoid　

6.17.1 As is stated in Section 6.2, the time dilation of the foggoid is caused by the disorder of motion of the foggoid particles. Therefore for the foggoid, there should be

bs_a = 1 - t_B / t_A   ,  (1)

where t_B is the rate of time of the foggoid, t_A is the rate of time of the observer out of the foggoid, s_a is the entropy, caused by antigravitation, of one mole of the foggoid particles, b is the coefficient, and b can be measured through the experiment described in Chapter 4.

The relation between the entropy S and the temperature T can usually be found in a thermal physics textbook, in the chapter on the second law of thermodynamics:

S = C_pln(T₂ / T₁) - υRln(p₂ / p₁)   .  

6.17.2 Take the experiment in Chapter 4 for example. The sixth datum (spot), (0.005, 23), is about 0.2 mesh on the left of the wave crest. And 11 seconds later, the tenth datum (spot), (0.009, 34) is 0.1 mesh on the left of the wave crest. Since the datum (spot) "goes" 4 meshes in 11 seconds, that is, one mesh in 2.75 seconds, in 11 seconds the datum (spot) emerges later than theoretically expected by (2.75*0.1) seconds. Hence there is 

1 - t_B / t_A = 2.75*0.1/11 = 0.025 . 

bs_a = 0.025   .

6.17.3 It can be known from an experiment in ESP^[1] that, when t_B / t_A = 1.5 minutes / 9 minutes, i.e. when 

t_B / t_A =  1 / 6  ,   (2) 

the foggoid is the non-present-time foggoid, and hence it cannot be seen. 

When t_B / t_A = 1 / 6 , the red shift z = 5 .

Suppose a quasar which can be seen joins a galaxy; the red shift of the quasar is z₁ , and the red shift of the galaxy is z₂ . It can be predicted that 

z₁ < z₂ + 5   .    (3)

6.17.4 In the non-present spacetime, the non-foggoid has a large value of uncertainty in the time, but when it has a small mass and a low speed, it has not the time dilation. 

　
[1] Lin Shuhuang, Liu Huiyi, Experiments and researches in ESP, (Chinese edition),
 1st ed., China Radio International Press, November, 1997, Beijing. p. 23.

　

6.18  Ionization and nuclear fission in the foggoid

The foggoid has different degrees of breaking up (please see Section 6.1 of this Chapter), which includes ionization and nuclear fission. Hence sometimes foggoid is plasma; some foggoid has radioactivity.

Phenomena similar to the nuclear explosion were recorded in ancient Indian books. Radiation levels at some crop circles increased. These phenomena may have been caused by the nuclear fission in the foggoid.

　

6.19  The gravitation and the faster-than-light motion of the

         foggoid

As is stated in Section 6.2 of this Chapter, the spacetime of the foggoid is curved; therefore the foggoid has gravitation.

Due to the nature of "whole or none" of antigravitation (please see the Set of Equations (16) of Chapter 2), the curvature of foggoid is unstable; hence the gravitation of foggoid is unstable, and the gravitation of the black hole formed by foggoid is also unstable. The quasar is mainly formed by foggoid (please see Section 6.4 of this chapter). Hence the energy and the luminosity of the quasar change greatly.

According to the inflationary model of universe, space can move faster than the speed of light. Therefore the motion of the space of foggoid can be faster than the speed of light. The motion of foggoid is due to antigravitation, that is, the effect of the inertial frame dragging (please see Section 2.2 of Chapter 2) of the space of the foggoid. Therefore the foggoid can move faster than the speed of light. Thus the quasar can move faster than the speed of light, and so can the antigravitation engine.

When the foggoid moves faster than the speed of light, a particle of the foggoid still moves according to the wave function of its own gfm ball particle (please see Section 6.2 of this chapter), and therefore it still has the spacetime of its gfm ball particle, that is, Hu Ning spacetime^[1], in which the rest mass of the gfm ball particle is zero.

　
References and notes
[1] Hu Ning, General Relativity and Theory of the Gravitational Field, (Chinese 
 edition,) 1st ed., Science Press, Beijing, January, 2000, pp. 84--85. 
 After making a great many calculations, Hu Ning (1916 ~ 1997), a late 
 academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, wrote: 
 "As a form of matter, gravitational field has inertial mass" (p. 84);
 "Gravitational field has not gravitational mass" (p.84); 
 "The above result demonstrates that the order of magnitude of the ratio of the 
 difference between the gravitational mass and the inertial mass to the original 
 mass is v2/c2 " (p.85).
　

6.20  The geodesic inside a spinning gfm ball

The linear velocity of rotation of a spinning gfm (gravitational field matter) ball is faster at its edge than in its central part. According to Einstein's theory of the spinning disc, the spacetime curvature at the edge of the gfm ball is larger than that in the central part; and geodesics inside the gfm ball curve towards the centre. Hence in the outer part of the gfm ball, there exists an acceleration directing towards the centre; there exists the asymptotic freedom in the central part of the gfm ball; and in the outer part of the gfm ball, time dilates and mass increases.  

　

6.21  Parallel Universes moving along the time axis and their

         messengers 

It can be known from Section 6.4 of this Chapter that there exist parallel universes moving along the time axis. Objects that have large degrees of uncertainty in the time can travel from one universe into another, serving as the messengers of different universes.

Take water for example. Water can mirror things happening in the four-dimensional neighbourhood. At a different position of the four-dimensional spacetime, one can see a different image in the same basin of water. 

For example, if a water molecule, whose mass is 3*10^-26 kg, becomes foggoid (see Sections 6.1 and 6.2 in this Chapter) in the experiment recorded in Chapter 4, then substitute 3*10^-26 for 1*10^-2 in the line of program beginning with mn in Chapter 4, and Δt becomes

Δt = 239 days,

where Δt is the value of uncertainty in the time.

　

6.22  The eddy of water that is adequately magnetized can

         serve as the rotation part of the antigravitation engine

In water that is adequately magnetized, the motion of metal ions is orderly. Therefore the eddy of such water can serve as the rotation part of the antigravitation engine. 

It can be known from Section 6.21 that water molecules in the foggid state and temporarily in the same time segment can form temporary mirrors. The time dilation effect of the foggoid slows the rapid changes of the mirrors, and hence enables the mirrors to reflect images.   

　

6.23  Chain reaction and foggoid particles

The activation energy needed by a substance changing from an ordinary state to the foggoid state comes from the effect of inertial frame dragging. Foggoid particles are reactive species, which, in the chain reaction, can change particles of a substance in an ordinary state individually into foggoid particles, of which some are particles of non-present-time foggoid.

For information about the chain reaction, please refer to the section of "Chain reaction" in the chapter of "Chemical kinetics" in a physical chemistry textbook.

　

6.24  Dual energy of a foggoid particle

A foggoid particle has dual energy.

On the one hand where the spacetime or the motion of a foggoid particle in itself is concerned, its energy is the energy of its gfm ball particle (please see Section 6.2 of this Chapter), e.g. En in Chapter 4 of this site.

On the other hand where the action of a foggoid particle on an ordinary particle is concerned, if antigravitation disappears, then the energy of the foggoid particle is computed by the traditional method. Its kinetic energy, for example, is

E_k = (1/2)mv² ,

where v is the relative velocity.

Based on the nature of "whole or none" of antigravitation (please see Section 2.3 of Chapter 2), a foggoid particle can give energy, if possible, to an ordinary particle through the coulomb force.

　

6.25  Foggoid particles and chemical equilibrium

Matter has antigravitation (please see Section 6.11 of this chapter). Hence a particle has antigravitation; because of the effect of inertial frame dragging of such antigravitation, foggoid particles, including non-present-time foggoid particles, exist around ordinary particles, and they are in a state of chemical equilibrium.

　

6.26  A foggoid particle and the tunnel effect

According to quantum mechanics, the less the mass of a particle is, the more chance the particle has to penetrate a potential barrier. It can be known from Chapter 4 and Sections 6.2 and 6.24 in this chapter that a foggoid particle has the same mass and spacetime as its gfm (gravitational field matter) ball particle; that is, the mass of a foggoid particle is mv²/c² . Hence foggoid has very strong ability of penetrating a potential barrier. 

　

　

Chapter 1  An introduction to some antigravitation engine experiments that everyone an make

Chapter 2  The setting up of the set of equations of the antigravitation engine

　

Chapter 3  Know-how of the antigravitational mechanical experiment and range of application

　

Chapter 4  Data analysis (to verify the macroscopic quantum mechanical phenomenon)

　

Chapter 5 Data analysis (mainly to verify Eq. (1) in Chapter 1)

　

Chapter 6  A new state of matter: foggoid state

　

Chapter 7  More about antigravitational experiments

　

Photos of the experiments in Chapter 7